Natural barium sulphate/barite powder and precipitated barium sulphate are common mineral fillers on the market. Natural barium sulphate is directly made by physically-processed barite powder and precipitated barium sulphate is made by chemical precipitation. What is the difference between the two?
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Production Processes
Natural barium sulphate is raw barite mineral processed through crushing, washing, and grinding, which is a purely physical process. The raw barite is crushed at the mine and then cleaned with washing equipment to remove the sediment on the surface. Finally, it is ground into ultrafine powder with a specified size by the grinding machine according to customers&#; demand.
Precipitated barium sulphate is chemically produced. The reaction is to mix barium sulfide solution with sodium sulphate solution after removing calcium and magnesium and carry out the chemical reaction at 80&#; to produce the precipitate. Then the barium sulphate precipitate is processed through filtering, water washing, and acid washing, and its pH value is controlled between 5-6. Finally, after another round of filtering, drying, and crushing, the precipitate is made into industrial precipitated barium sulphate powder. Precipitated barium sulphate can also be obtained by mixing barium yellow brine with sodium sulphate solution.
Content of Barium Sulphate
Limited by the source quality of the barite mine, the barium sulphate content of natural barium sulphate is very unstable, generally less than 85% due to the impurities contained in the minerals. But it is not the case with precipitated barium sulphate. After the extraction and precipitation process, the reaction has removed various impurities and the barium sulphate content can reach 99%. This makes precipitated barium sulphate an ideal filler suitable for refined chemicals, such as performance waterborne coatings, automotive coatings, electronic ink, etc.
Differences in the Particle Size
In the filling powder industry, the unit called &#;AIM&#; is used to measure the particle fineness of a product. The higher the AIM value, the smaller the particle size. Nowadays, there is 300 mesh to mesh barium sulphate in the market, of which 300 mesh is mainly natural barium sulphate, while the precipitated barium sulphate is generally above mesh.
Downstream Applications
Natural barium sulphate is usually used in downstream products that don&#;t require very high purity and whiteness, ultrafine particle size, excellent dispersion, or high oil absorption, such as general paints and plastics. Precipitated barium sulphate can be used for mid to high-end applications such as performance water-based coatings, automotive coatings, electronic inks, engineering plastics, and many more.
Market Prices
It can be seen from the production processes that the production cost of the two differs greatly and the output is also different. Natural barium sulphate has a simple production process and large output, so the price is relatively low. Precipitated barium sulphate is produced through a series of complex processes including calcination, synthesis, extraction, precipitation, and drying, which requires the consumption of a large amount of electricity, coal, sodium sulfide, and barite. So its daily output is limited and the cost is much higher than that of natural barium sulphate.
In addition to the above differences, there is also a big difference between natural barium sulphate and precipitated barium sulphate in terms of product parameters, click here to learn more. If you encounter any problems in using barium sulphate products, please feel free to contact us. Hoyonn Chemical has a group of technical experts who have been serving many industries and solving problems from practical perspectives for global customers. According to different customers&#; needs, we can customize different specifications of barium sulphate products.
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Barium sulfate is ingested by mouth or administered rectally and combined with granules of effervescent bicarbonate to enhance distension of the GI tract, allowing for enhanced gastrointestinal tract visualization 3 , 5 .
This drug is used as a contrast agent in diagnostic x-ray procedures. Therapeutic advantages of barium sulfate in diagnostic procedures include both its low water solubility and high level of clearance from the body Label .
Barium sulfate occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield 3 .
Barium sulfate is a contrast agent used for CT scans of the gastrointestinal tract.
- Indication
- Associated Conditions
- Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose FormDiagnostic agentRadiologic examination of the gastrointestinal tract&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
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- Pharmacodynamics
Barium sulfate increases the absorption of x-rays as they are passed throughout the body, delineating body structures, in which barium sulfate is localized. This allows for the clear visualization of normal organs/defect in normal anatomy 5.
- Mechanism of action
Barium sulfate is a heavy metal with a high atomic number (Z=56) and a K shell binding energy (K-edge of 37.4 keV) very close to that of most diagnostic x-ray beams. Due to these characteristics, barium is an ideal medium for the absorption of x-rays Label.
Barium sulfate is essentially not absorbed from the GI tract nor metabolized in the body. Barium sulfate is used to fill the gastrointestinal tract lumen or to coat the mucosal surface and is administered orally, rectally, or instilled into an enterostomy tube or catheter Label, 5.
Barium sulfate enhances delineation of the GI tract. The barium suspension covers the mucosal surface of the GI tract, allowing its shape, distensibility, motion, integrity, continuity, location within the torso, relationship to other organs to be closely examined 5. Various abnormalities, such as benign or malignant tumors, ulcers, strictures, diverticula, inflammation or infection, altered motility, displacement and other pathology can thereby be identified Label, 5.
At lower concentrations (higher dilution), barium enhances the conspicuity of the GI tract to differentiate the GI tract from various abdominal organs in computed tomography examinations (CT scans) of the abdomen. Improved delineation of the gastrointestinal tract lumen and mucosa may be reached by contrast provided by gas (by the addition of bicarbonate or gas-filled balloons) in addition to the barium 5. This is known as a double-contrast procedure. Osmotically active agents (for example, sorbitol) are also used to induce fluid accumulation and distension of the GI system to enhance visualization 5.
- Absorption
Barium sulfate is not absorbed following oral or rectal administration with a normal gastrointestinal tract. In patients with a normal GI tract, barium sulfate is normally excreted within 24 hr after oral ingestion. Post rectal administration of barium sulfate suspensions, the drug is generally excreted when the enema is released. Some barium may remain in the colon for several weeks, however, and eventually clears, especially in patients with impaired intestinal peristalsis 3. It is difficult to quantify the uptake of ingested barium because of a number of factors affect its absorption. The presence of sulfate in food can cause the precipitation of barium sulfate 3.
The following is the approximate time to peak opacification of organs by barium sulfate in a healthy GI tract:
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Esophagus, stomach, and duodenum uptake of barium sulfate occurs almost immediately after oral administration 4.
Small intestine uptake is dependent on gastric emptying rate and viscosity of the preparation; it may be delayed 15-90 minutes post ingestion 4.
Small intestine (enteroclysis studies) uptake is immediate, following direct instillation 4.
Colon and distal small intestine uptake are dependent on patient positioning. Hydrostatic pressure also determines the rate and degree of opacification 4.
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
Barium sulfate is poorly water soluble and shows negligible levels of absorption from the gastrointestinal tract following both oral or rectal administration. In healthy subjects, orally administered barium sulfate is generally excreted within 24 hours. Rectally administered barium sulfate is eliminated with clearance of the enema 5.
- Route of elimination
Barium sulfate is excreted unchanged in the feces 3.
- Half-life
Not Available
- Clearance
The rate of excretion of barium sulfate is dependent on the route of administration and the status of peristaltic activity and motility of the gastrointestinal tract 5.
- Adverse Effects
- Toxicity
Acute Exposure
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal cramping may occur Label. Acute exposure to barium sulfate may irritate the eyes and respiratory tract. Exposure to inhalation or other forms can affect the nervous system and lead to hypokalemia, which can contribute to cardiovascular rhythm abnormality 3. Hypersensitivity, gastrointestinal transit delay, obstruction, aspiration pneumonitis and systemic embolization of barium sulfate are more serious complications of administration Label. In addition, fatalities have occurred due to aspiration pneumonitis, barium sulfate impaction, intestinal perforation with subsequent peritonitis and granuloma formation, and vasovagal and syncopal episodes Label, 2.
*Chronic Exposure *
The lungs may be affected by repeated or prolonged exposure to dust particles, resulting in baritosis (a type of benign pneumoconiosis) 3. Inhalation of barium sulfate dust may lead to a benign pneumoconiosis ("baritosis") with conspicuous radiographic characteristics but no signs of impairment of pulmonary function 3.
Intra-abdominal leakage
Intra-abdominal leakage may occur during or after administration of barium sulfate Label,5. Caution is advised in patients with a history of food aspiration and in patients with diagnosed swallowing disorders Label.
** A note on GI perforation**
Perforation of the colon after rectal administration of barium sulfate suspension has been reported due to the increased hydrostatic pressure of the instilled suspension, trauma to the colon from an enema tip, or forceful or deep insertion of a non-flexible enema tip. Perforation of the bowel has been followed by peritonitis, adhesions, granulomas, and death 4. This is a rare occurrence. Injury to the rectal mucosa or anal canal due to the enema tip or retention balloon is likely the most common traumatic cause of perforation during treatment. Inflation of a balloon within a stricture, neoplasm, inflamed rectum, or stoma is hazardous, and caution should be exerted 1.
Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity
No animal studies have been performed to evaluate the carcinogenicity of barium sulfate or potential effects on reproduction Label. Elective contrast radiography of the abdomen is not routintely recommended during pregnancy because of the risks to the fetus from radiation exposure 4.
- Pathways
Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available
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