Boilers are considered central heating systems because the heat generated by the equipment is spread throughout the home. However, unlike other heating methods, there is typically a small lag time between the boiler turning on and the heat being dispersed.
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Most boilers produce steam or hot water using natural gas or heating oil, and are either condensing or non-condensing (see below). Boilers are required by the federal government to be at least 80 percent efficient, and can have efficiencies as high as 98.5 percent. Some boilers can be expensive to install, but all types typically last 15 to 30 years, and you can avoid possible repair headaches by reading our guide to the Most and Least Reliable Boilers. You should also look at Consumer Reports&#; and surveys of 2,137 boilers, owned by members who installed a new unit between and , to get a clearer picture of which brands are preferred by members.
Gas-Fired Boilers
Gas-fired boilers are fueled by either natural gas or propane, and are highly efficient. However, natural gas is not available everywhere, and some homeowners at the end of a gas pipeline pay higher fuel prices. Propane typically is more expensive than natural gas, but it&#;s available throughout the U.S.
Oil-Fired Boilers
If you buy a oil-fired boiler, you&#;ll need heating oil delivered and stored in tanks like the one above, and your operating costs will be affected by the rise and fall of oil prices.
Some boiler manufacturers now offer models that use biodiesel fuel, which produces less pollution than regular heating oil. Depending on oil prices, biodiesel heating oil can be cost-competitive with standard oil. However, because it burns cleaner and lubricates the system, biodiesel fuel can reduce your boiler service and cleaning costs.
Electric Boilers
Electric boilers are highly energy efficient. However, they typically are not economical because electricity costs more than other fuel types in many parts of the country. If you are interested in electric heating, consider a heat pump.
Steam Radiators
Steam heating is one of the oldest heating technologies, and upright metal steam radiators positioned along walls in older homes are common. They can provide consistent, comfortable heat.
Steam radiators need some simple maintenance to work properly and efficiently. In addition, a radiator can warp or create a groove in the floor. If that happens, the radiator may tilt, causing it to make loud banging noises. Plus, steam radiators on exterior walls can radiate some heat to the outdoors, and limit your ability to position furniture around the room.
Hot Water Radiators
More common in newer homes, hot water radiators run along a room&#;s baseboard or stand upright like a steam radiator. Hot water radiators can reduce your home&#;s energy consumption because they allow you to control the temperature of each floor or a large space. A heating professional can install automatic valves on the radiators, and connect them to separate thermostats.
The most common problem with hot water radiators is unwanted air in the system. Plus, like steam models, upright hot water radiators can limit your ability to position furniture.
Hydronic Radiant Floor Heating
Hydronic (water) systems are the most common radiant floor heating systems. A boiler heats water and flows it to tubing under the flooring, which acts as a giant radiator. Hydronic systems can heat a whole house, but they&#;re mainly used to heat a single room or area, and some can be zoned so thermostats regulate each space.
Hydronic radiant heating is more efficient than baseboard heating and usually more efficient than forced-air heating, too. It also doesn&#;t distribute allergens like forced-air systems can, and uses little electricity. However, hydronic systems can be expensive to install and to repair, and may not be as efficient if the floor is covered with thick carpeting.
Condensing vs. Non-Condensing
All boilers are either condensing or non-condensing. A condensing boiler concentrates water vapor produced in the heating process, and uses waste heat to preheat cold water entering the boiler. Condensing boilers are extremely energy efficient because they can provide ample heat while operating at lower temperatures.
Non-condensing boilers typically operate at higher temperatures, and some heat ends up being vented outside. Non-condensing boilers are 80 percent to 88 percent efficient, while condensing boilers have efficiencies greater than 88 percent.
Sealed Combustion vs. Non-Sealed Combustion
Boilers are either sealed-combustion or non-sealed combustion units. You should buy one that is sealed combustion because it brings outside air into the burner and directs exhaust gases outside. Non-sealed combustion boilers draw heated air in and then send it up the chimney, wasting the energy used to heat the air. Also, sealed-combustion boilers won&#;t introduce dangerous gases into your home.
Climate
If you live you in a cold climate, a boiler may be a good choice for your home. But if you live in a warm climate, you may not need a central heating system. In that case, consider a heat pump, which can satisfy your air conditioning needs as well as moderate heating requirements.
Fuel Type
Gas-fueled boilers may cost less to operate than oil-fueled ones if heating oil prices are high. However, the fuel type you choose will depend on what&#;s available in your area.
Sizing
The boiler&#;s size is as important as its efficiency. If the boiler is undersized, it won&#;t work efficiently; if it is oversized, it will cost you more to heat your home. Work with a heating and cooling professional, who should use an Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA) Manual J calculation to determine the right boiler type and size. The calculation will take into consideration your home&#;s foundation, wall thicknesses, insulation values, windows, air filtration and more.
Cooling
Boilers only provide heat; so you&#;ll need a cooling system, too, if you want to air condition your home.
Boilers are rated with an annual fuel-utilization-efficiency (AFUE) score, which tells you how much energy is being converted into useable heat. New boilers must have an AFUE rating of at last 80 percent, and high-efficiency models are 90 to 98.5 percent efficient. The higher the rating, the higher the equipment cost, but the lower the operating cost.
For example, say your current boiler&#;s AFUE score is 65 percent and you pay $1,300 a year for fuel bills. If you install a high-efficiency natural gas system with an AFUE of 90 percent, your total yearly savings should be about $364.
Unless it&#;s an emergency, and your current boiler is no longer functioning, don&#;t buy a new boiler until you make the rest of your home as energy efficient as possible, because reducing your home&#;s heating load will allow you to buy a smaller, less expensive system. If needed, you should:
&#; Add insulation to your attic and walls.
&#; Add weather stripping around doors and caulk around windows to keep heat from escaping.
&#; Properly insulate cooling system ducts in crawl spaces and attics.
&#; Clean your chimney.
&#; Set your ceiling fans to spin clockwise to blow rising heat down.
&#; Install and set programmable thermostats to automatically lower the temperature at night and while you are away. Programmable thermostats can save you 10 percent annually on your heating bills.
Boilers should be serviced annually by a heating professional to ensure efficient heating. The technician should:
Hot Water Boilers
&#; Test the pressure-relief valve and high-limit control.
&#; Inspect the pressure tank.
&#; Clean the heat exchanger.
Steam Boilers
&#; Drain some water to remove sediments.
&#; Check the safety controls.
&#; Analyze the water and add chemicals if needed.
&#; Clean the heat exchanger.
Both Systems
&#; Check the vent connection pipe and chimney to see if they are deteriorating.
&#; Check the heat exchangers and pipes to see if they are leaking.
&#; Adjust the water and air temperature settings for optimum efficiency and comfort.
Upright and Baseboard Radiators
&#; Make sure radiators are not obstructed by furniture, carpeting, rugs, and drapes.
&#; Be sure to release trapped air from hot water radiators at the beginning of the heating season and possibly one more time during the heating season. If you are unsure how to perform this task, contact a heating professional.
&#; Place shims under the radiators so they are pitched slightly toward the pipe in a one-pipe system or toward the steam trap in a two-pipe system.
&#; Place heat-resistant reflectors between radiators and exterior walls to keep heat from escaping.
At the heart of every boiler heating system is the boiler itself. It's responsible for producing and sending hot water (or steam) to the radiators that then distribute heat throughout the entire home.
Choosing the right home boiler will ensure your comfort and save money on energy bills in the long term. Many factors go into the decision, so use the guide below to learn more. If you need help, you can always call us for assistance.
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Boiler Heating System Basics
A boiler heating system consists of the following components:
- The fuel source that powers the boiler
- The boiler, which burns the fuel source to generate heat
- The heat distribution system consisting of the pipes and radiators that deliver heat throughout the home
In this guide, we&#;re focusing on the boiler itself. If you need help selecting a radiator, please read our radiator buyer's guide.
Boiler Uses
Traditionally, boilers were used to heat an entire home via cast iron radiators installed in various rooms. Many of these same systems still exist in older homes, particularly in the northeastern United States. As a result, if you&#;re installing a boiler, chances are you&#;re simply replacing one in an existing system.
For those designing a boiler heating system from scratch, they're typically installing a hydronic radiant floor heating system, modern panel radiators, or even towel warmers. These often use high-efficiency condensing boilers that sometimes double as water heaters. If they provide hot water for both space and water heating, they are known as combi boilers.
Hot Water vs. Steam Boiler
Boilers can provide heat using either hot water or steam. While a hot water boiler needs a pump to move the water throughout the system, the steam from a steam boiler can flow naturally without mechanical help.
If you're replacing an existing boiler, then you'll need to identify whether it's a hot water or steam type. A steam boiler will have an air vent similar to the one shown on the right. This vent allows air to escape and steam to enter the radiator when the system first starts up. If you don't see this vent, you likely have a water boiler.
Also, check the number of pipes connected to your radiator. Steam boiler systems usually just have a single connection, while those with two pipes could be either steam or hot water. If your home has radiant floor heat, it almost certainly uses a hot water boiler.
If you're still not sure after checking the radiators, you will need to check the boiler. Steam-fired boilers will have a small glass tube, called a sight glass, mounted on the side of the boiler. This sight glass shows the level of water inside the boiler.
Hot water boilers will not have a sight glass but are likely to have other accessories installed nearby, such as a pump or expansion tank. In some older systems, a hot water system may not have a circulator pump, and the expansion tank might be in the attic.
If, upon inspecting both your radiators and boiler, you are still unsure about what type of system you have, please contact us or call a professional to check the system.
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Boiler Fuel
There are a variety of fuel options available to power your boiler. These include natural gas, liquid propane (LP), fuel oil, and electricity.
Natural Gas Boilers
Natural gas is the most common fuel, especially in urban areas. You will most likely need a natural gas boiler if you have gas plumbed to your home from a utility main.
Propane Boiler
In areas without a natural gas supply, propane is the next most common fuel. Propane is usually stored in a tank on the property where it will be used. This tank can be located either above or underground.
Typically, you will need to have propane delivered a few times per year. Many natural gas boilers are convertible to propane, and vice versa, with an appropriate conversion kit.
Fuel Oil Boiler
Oil is also a conventional fuel in areas where natural gas is unavailable, particularly in northeastern states and eastern Canada. As with propane, there will be a tank located on the property, and periodic fuel deliveries will be required.
In rural areas that have available wood, coal, or other biomass, solid fuel boilers may be an option. These boilers need to be manually loaded whenever a heating operation is required. They can be a huge source of savings in areas where the necessary fuel is available. Often an oil, natural gas, or propane boiler will be installed alongside a solid fuel boiler to supply heat when no one is available to load fuel.
Electric Boiler
Electric boilers are an option where other fuel types are unavailable or prohibitively expensive. Electric boilers are also useful for handling small applications, such as adding heat to a garage.
Boiler Venting
An essential part of any boiler system is to eliminate combustion gasses resulting from burning your fuel. The three main vent types are chimney venting, power venting (direct exhaust), and direct venting (sealed combustion). Choosing the correct option for your home depends on your existing boiler, your home&#;s construction, and the efficiency you want from your new boiler.
Chimney Venting: As their name implies, chimney-vented boilers eject spent combustion gasses through a vertical stack. Each boiler will have specific requirements about the size, height, and construction of the chimney.
Only by having a qualified professional inspect your chimney can you determine whether it is suitable for a particular boiler.
Chimney venting relies on the principle that hot air is less dense than cold air, making it naturally buoyant. This warm, lighter air travels up the chimney while fresh air for combustion is pulled into the boiler to replace it.
Because this is a passive process (i.e., there is no motor forcing the hot air out), any obstruction in the chimney or an inadequate supply of fresh air will likely result in improper operation. This could potentially lead to a fire or carbon monoxide entering the home.
Power Venting: For homes without an existing chimney or homes where the existing chimney is in disrepair or inappropriate for the necessary boiler, power venting could provide a reasonable alternative. Power-vented boilers, also called direct exhaust, use a built-in blower to push spent gases outside.
The built-in blower gives you the flexibility to vent through a sidewall or the ceiling without needing to use a chimney. Also, because the air is being actively forced through the boiler, the vent piping used is substantially smaller than what is required for chimney venting. Because power-vented boilers still draw combustion air from inside the home, it is vital that there be an adequate supply of fresh air to ensure proper operation.
Direct Venting: Direct-vented boiler heating systems, also called sealed combustion, are ideal for modern, tightly-sealed homes. Direct vent boilers draw air for combustion directly from outside the house and exhaust it back outside. This means the entire combustion process is &#;sealed&#; from the indoors, and you are not exhausting air you had already heated.
Because they do not rely on indoor air for operation, direct vent boilers can often be installed in a closet or other confined space. They can be exhausted through either a side wall or ceiling, and use venting of a similar size to power vented boilers.
Power and direct-vented boilers must be vented directly to the outdoors. They cannot be used in conventional vent systems with chimney-vented appliances, and cannot exhaust into a chimney.
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Efficiency
Home boilers are typically available in efficiency ratings ranging from 80% - 96% Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE). A boiler's AFUE rating estimates the percentage of fuel that is converted into usable heat for the home. By comparing AFUE ratings, you can get an idea of how much a boiler may cost to operate.
Standard Efficiency Boilers: Boiler systems with an efficiency rating of between 80% - 84% are commonly termed standard efficiency. Most boilers in this range use a cast-iron heat exchanger and chimney venting, but power-vented and direct-vent models are available.
Boilers in this range are designed to meet federal minimums for efficiency and are generally not eligible for any rebates or incentives. However, they are relatively inexpensive and use commonly available vent materials.
Due to their proven design and construction, there is little to separate boilers in this range from each other. Choosing a boiler that is correctly sized and one with which your installer is familiar is the best way to ensure efficiency and reliability from standard efficiency boilers.
Mid-Range Efficiency Boilers: These are boilers that have had their firing characteristics slightly modified to achieve AFUE ratings of over 85%, often sacrificing output and increasing cost in the process. The purpose of these boilers is to qualify for incentives and rebates offered by certain utilities and localities.
In addition to the increase in upfront cost, these 85% AFUE boilers often require the use of costly stainless steel venting materials. We suggest avoiding these special-purpose boilers unless there is a rebate available in your area to offset the increased cost.
High-Efficiency Boilers: True high-efficiency boilers are those with an AFUE rating above 90%. Boilers in this range typically use stainless steel or aluminum heat exchangers for the best balance of efficiency and longevity.
Nearly all high-efficiency boilers are direct-vented, although some are convertible to power-vented operation. Venting materials are less common than for standard boilers but are still less expensive than the stainless steel often required for 85% AFUE models.
High-efficiency boilers have a higher upfront cost and more stringent installation requirements than standard options but can offer operating cost savings of up to 30% and a reduced impact on the environment.
Condensing Boilers
High-efficiency boiler heating systems take advantage of a process called condensing to maximize the amount of heat they can deliver to your home. This takes advantage of the chemistry of the combustion process and the energy released by condensing water vapor into liquid water.
While condensing boilers are often 10% more efficient than non-condensing models, they are better suited for some applications than others.
Condensing boilers have only recently become a common alternative to non-condensing models in the boiler marketplace. As such, the most common boiler heating systems in use today, such as ones using cast-iron or baseboard heaters, are not designed to maximize their benefits. This is because these systems were designed to operate with high temperature (~180° F) water, and the efficiency of condensing boilers is maximized with water temperatures less than 140° F.
Condensing boilers are still efficient with these high-temperature systems but lose some benefits compared to conventional boilers in those situations. Newer system types, such as radiant floor or panel radiator heating systems, are better suited for use with condensing boilers. These systems, especially radiant floor, use lower-temperature water, which maximizes the efficiency of condensing boilers.
Overall, condensing boilers are a more efficient option than non-condensing models, regardless of the application in which the boiler is being used, but their benefits are maximized when they are used in a system that was designed to operate with lower water temperatures. Learn more about condensing boilers.
Modulating & Staging
Staging boilers have two or more distinct levels of heat output called stages. The boiler will operate at the lowest stage that meets your home&#;s heating needs. This will ensure the boiler runs longer, delivers heat more evenly, and uses less fuel than a non-staging, on/off boiler.
"Modulating" refers to a control method where a boiler can produce any output between a defined minimum and maximum level. This gives you even finer control than is possible with a staging boiler and results in constant, even heat.
A modulating boiler can maintain a nearly constant temperature and reduce fuel usage significantly by continuously adjusting to your home's heating needs. While staging is rare in residential applications, modulating controls are often built into high-efficiency condensing boilers.
By combining these two energy-saving technologies (along with other sophisticated control methods), modulating, condensing, high-efficiency boilers offer unparalleled comfort, performance, and efficiency.
Sizing Your Boiler
Even with modulating and condensing technology, a boiler can&#;t offer consistent, efficient comfort if it is not sized correctly. If you are replacing a boiler that you were comfortable with in the past, you can likely replace it with a boiler of the same size.
However, proper sizing of heating equipment is a complicated science, so it is best to have a professional compute the sizing for you. To get a better idea of what goes into sizing a boiler and why it is so vital, check out our HVAC sizing guide.
How Much Does a Boiler Cost?
An average boiler replacement can cost anywhere from $5,000 to $8,000 but can fall below or above that range, depending on a host of factors. Typically, boiler systems are older, which means you are often replacing more than just the boiler itself. For example, your installer may need to add new piping, valves, an expansion tank, etc. All of this doesn&#;t even include the cost of new radiators if you need them. The cost of the boiler itself can vary substantially based on its construction, efficiency, and output.
For a more personalized boiler cost estimate based on your specific needs, please reach out to one of our boiler experts today.
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