Non-rechargable battery
For the biological concept, see Primary cell culture.
A primary battery or primary cell is a battery (a galvanic cell) that is designed to be used once and discarded, and it is not rechargeable unlike a secondary cell (rechargeable battery). In general, the electrochemical reaction occurring in the cell is not reversible, rendering the cell unrechargeable. As a primary cell is used, chemical reactions in the battery use up the chemicals that generate the power; when they are gone, the battery stops producing electricity. In contrast, in a secondary cell, the reaction can be reversed by running a current into the cell with a battery charger to recharge it, regenerating the chemical reactants. Primary cells are made in a range of standard sizes to power small household appliances such as flashlights and portable radios.
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Primary batteries make up about 90% of the $50 billion battery market, but secondary batteries have been gaining market share. About 15 billion primary batteries are thrown away worldwide every year, virtually all ending up in landfills. Due to the toxic heavy metals and strong acids and alkalis they contain, batteries are hazardous waste. Most municipalities classify them as such and require separate disposal. The energy needed to manufacture a battery is about 50 times greater than the energy it contains.[1][2][3][4] Due to their high pollutant content compared to their small energy content, the primary battery is considered a wasteful, environmentally unfriendly technology. Due mainly to increasing sales of wireless devices and cordless tools which cannot be economically powered by primary batteries and come with integral rechargeable batteries, the secondary battery industry has high growth and has slowly been replacing the primary battery in high end products.
Usage trend
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In the early twenty-first century, primary cells began losing market share to secondary cells, as relative costs declined for the latter. Flashlight power demands were reduced by the switch from incandescent bulbs to light-emitting diodes.[5]
The remaining market experienced increased competition from private- or no-label versions. The market share of the two leading US manufacturers, Energizer and Duracell, declined to 37% in . Along with Rayovac, these three are trying to move consumers from zinc&#;carbon to more expensive, longer-lasting alkaline batteries.[5]
Western battery manufacturers shifted production offshore and no longer make zinc-carbon batteries in the United States.[5]
China became the largest battery market, with demand projected to climb faster than anywhere else, and has also shifted to alkaline cells. In other developing countries disposable batteries must compete with cheap wind-up, wind-powered and rechargeable devices that have proliferated.[5]
Comparison between primary and secondary cells
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Secondary cells (rechargeable batteries) are in general more economical to use than primary cells. Their initially higher cost and the purchase cost of a charging system can be spread out over many use cycles (between 100 and cycles); for example, in hand-held power tools, it would be very costly to replace a high-capacity primary battery pack every few hours of use.
Primary cells are not designed for recharging between manufacturing and use, thus have battery chemistry that has to have a much lower self-discharge rate than older types of secondary cells; but they have lost that advantage with the development of rechargeable secondary cells with very low self-discharge rates like low self-discharge NiMH cells that hold enough charge for long enough to be sold as pre-charged.[6][7]
Common types of secondary cells (namely NiMH and Li-ion) due to their much lower internal resistance do not suffer the large loss of capacity that alkaline, zinc&#;carbon and zinc chloride ("heavy duty" or "super heavy duty") do with high current draw.[8]
Reserve batteries achieve very long storage time (on the order of 10 years or more) without loss of capacity, by physically separating the components of the battery and only assembling them at the time of use. Such constructions are expensive but are found in applications like munitions, which may be stored for years before use.
Polarization
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A major factor reducing the lifetime of primary cells is that they become polarized during use. This means that hydrogen accumulates at the cathode and reduces the effectiveness of the cell. To reduce the effects of polarization in commercial cells and to extend their lives, chemical depolarization is used; that is, an oxidizing agent is added to the cell, to oxidize the hydrogen to water. Manganese dioxide is used in the Leclanché cell and zinc&#;carbon cell, and nitric acid is used in the Bunsen cell and Grove cell.
Attempts have been made to make simple cells self-depolarizing by roughening the surface of the copper plate to facilitate the detachment of hydrogen bubbles with little success. Electrochemical depolarization exchanges the hydrogen for a metal, such as copper (e.g. Daniell cell), or silver (e.g. silver-oxide cell), so called.
Terminology
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Anode and cathode
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The battery terminal (electrode) that develops a positive voltage polarity (the carbon electrode in a dry cell) is called the cathode and the electrode with a negative polarity (zinc in a dry cell) is called the anode.[9] This is the reverse of the terminology used in an electrolytic cell or thermionic vacuum tube. The reason is that the terms anode and cathode are defined by the direction of electric current, not by their voltage. The anode is the terminal through which conventional current (positive charge) enters the cell from the external circuit, while the cathode is the terminal through which conventional current leaves the cell and flows into the external circuit. Since a battery is a power source which provides the voltage which forces the current through the external circuit, the voltage on the cathode must be higher than the voltage on the anode, creating an electric field directed from cathode to anode, to force the positive charge out of the cathode through the resistance of the external circuit.
Inside the cell the anode is the electrode where chemical oxidation occurs, as it donates electrons which flow out of it into the external circuit. The cathode is the electrode where chemical reduction occurs, as it accepts electrons from the circuit.
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Outside the cell, different terminology is used. As the anode donates positive charge to the electrolyte (thus remaining with an excess of electrons that it will donate to the circuit), it becomes negatively charged and is therefore connected to the terminal marked "&#;" on the outside of the cell. The cathode, meanwhile, donates negative charge to the electrolyte, so it becomes positively charged (which allows it to accept electrons from the circuit) and is therefore connected to the terminal marked "+" on the outside of the cell.[10]
Old textbooks sometimes contain different terminology that can cause confusion to modern readers. For example, a textbook by Ayrton and Mather[11] describes the electrodes as the "positive plate" and "negative plate" .
See also
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- History of the battery
- Fuel cell
- Battery recycling
- List of battery sizes
- List of battery types
- Comparison of battery types
- Battery nomenclature
References
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Li-SOCl2 Batteries - Advantages and Disadvantages9 : 43
Lithium thionyl chloride (Li-SOCl2) batteries are well-regarded for certain applications due to their specific advantages, but they also come with some drawbacks. Here's an overview:
Advantages:
- High Energy Density: Li-SOCl2 batteries have one of the highest energy densities of any primary battery type, making them ideal for applications requiring long-term power in a compact form.
- Long Shelf Life: They feature excellent shelf life, often exceeding 10 years, due to their low self-discharge rate. This makes them suitable for emergency systems and applications where changing batteries is difficult.
- Wide Temperature Range: Li-SOCl2 batteries can withstand temperatures ranging from -112 ° F up to +257° F. This makes them ideal for use in industries such as
- Aerospace
- Automotive
- Oil and gas exploration
- Military equipment
- and other harsh environments where temperature fluctuations are common.
- High Voltage: They provide a high nominal voltage of about 3.6 volts, which can reduce the number of cells needed in battery packs.
- Good Load Characteristics: Li-SOCl2 batteries can handle both low and high load currents, although they are generally more efficient at steady, lower currents.
Disadvantages:
- Safety Concerns: One of the primary concerns with Li-SOCl2 batteries is their potential safety hazards, including risk of explosion or fire if misused or damaged, due to the reactive nature of lithium metal.
- Cost: These batteries tend to be more expensive than other primary battery types, which can be a consideration for cost-sensitive applications.
- Limited Applications: Although they can handle pulse applications with proper design, Li-SOCl2 batteries are primarily suited to low to medium continuous discharge scenarios rather than high-drain applications.
- None-rechargeable: Being primary batteries, they are not rechargeable, necessitating complete replacement once depleted.
- Passivation: The batteries can experience a phenomenon called passivation, where a film forms on the lithium surface, potentially leading to voltage delays when current is suddenly drawn after a period of inactivity.
Overall, Li-SOCl2 batteries are excellent choices for applications where longevity, reliability, and high energy density are required, such as remote sensors, medical devices, and utility meter applications. However, they must be selected and managed with care due to their higher cost and safety considerations.
If you are new to Li-SOCl2 batteries:
A Li-SOCl2 battery refers to a lithium thionyl chloride battery, which is a type of primary (non-rechargeable) lithium battery. It is composed of a lithium metal anode and a thionyl chloride (SOCl2) cathode, with an electrolyte composed of lithium tetra chloroaluminate (LiAlCl4) dissolved in thionyl chloride.
What is the difference between Li ion and Li SOCl2 batteries?
The main differences between lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries and lithium thionyl chloride (Li-SOCl2) batteries stem from their design, chemistry, applications, and performance characteristics. Here's a comparison:
Chemistry and Design
- Li-ion Batteries:
- Rechargeable: Unlike Li-SOCl2, Li-ion batteries are rechargeable, allowing them to be used repeatedly.
- Chemistry: Comprised of a variety of chemistries, such as lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), and others, with a liquid or gel-like electrolyte.
- Voltage: Typically operate at a nominal voltage of 3.6 to 3.7 volts per cell.
- Li-SOCl2 Batteries:
- Non-rechargeable: These batteries are primary cells and are not designed to be recharged.
- Chemistry: Consist of a lithium metal anode and a thionyl chloride (SOCl2) cathode with lithium tetra chloroaluminate as the electrolyte.
- Voltage: Provide a nominal voltage of about 3.6 volts per cell, similar to Li-ion.
Performance
- Li-ion Batteries:
- Energy Density: High energy density, making them ideal for portable electronics, like smartphones and laptops.
- Cycle Life: Can be discharged and recharged hundreds to thousands of times depending on the specific chemistry.
- Temperature Range: Typically operate best within a narrower temperature range and may require thermal management systems in some applications.
- Li-SOCl2 Batteries:
- Energy Density: Even higher energy density than Li-ion for primary cells, suited for applications where weight and space constraints exist and where long operational life is required.
- Shelf Life: Known for extremely low self-discharge rates and a long shelf life, often over 10 years.
- Temperature Range: Will operate reliably over a much wider temperature range compared to Li-ion batteries (-55°C to +85°C).
Applications
- Li-ion Batteries:
- Commonly used in consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and grid storage due to their rechargeability and reasonable energy density.
- Li-SOCl2 Batteries:
- Predominantly used in applications where batteries must last for many years without maintenance, such as remote sensors, military and aerospace applications, and utility meters.
Safety
- Li-ion Batteries:
- Require careful charging and discharging management to prevent overheating and fires, often incorporating electronic safety circuits.
- Li-SOCl2 Batteries:
- Generally considered safe under normal conditions, but they must still be handled carefully as they can pose risks of explosion if punctured or short-circuited.
In summary, the choice between Li-ion and Li-SOCl2 batteries depends largely on the application requirements regarding energy density, rechargeability, operational lifespan, and environmental conditions.
How long do Li-SOCl2 batteries last?
Li-SOCl2 batteries are known for their excellent longevity, which can be attributed to their low self-discharge rate. The life of a Li-SOCl2 battery can vary depending on several factors, including usage pattern, environmental conditions, and the specific design of the battery itself. However, here are some general guidelines:
- Shelf Life: Li-SOCl2 batteries typically have a shelf life exceeding 10 years, and in some cases, they can last up to 20 years under optimal storage conditions.
- Operational Life: During use, the battery life will depend largely on the application and discharge conditions. For applications drawing low continuous current (such as many remote sensors or backup systems), these batteries can continue to function effectively for 10 to 20 years, thanks to their high energy density and minimal self-discharge.
- Temperature Effects: Extreme temperatures can affect battery life. While these batteries perform well across a wide temperature range (from around -55°C to +85°C), frequent exposure to higher temperatures may reduce their effective lifespan.
Overall, Li-SOCl2 batteries are ideal for applications where long-term power is required, and battery replacement is challenging or undesirable. Their lifespan makes them particularly suitable for long-term, low-drain applications.
Does PHD Energy manufacture Li-SOCl2 batteries?
PHD Energy is known for manufacturing high quality Li-SOCl2 batteries. They produce a range of battery solutions including lithium thionyl chloride batteries, which are used in various applications like
- Metering
- Security systems
- Industrial equipment
PHD Energy's offerings in the Li-SOCl2 category focus on delivering high energy density and long-term reliability, fitting the needs of applications requiring long-lasting power with minimal maintenance. https://phdenergy.com/li-socl2-battery/
Why is PHD Energy the best company to manufacture and supply batteries?
The MaRCTech2 team proudly represents PHD Energy, a company of excellence. Several factors distinguish them as a commendable choice depending on specific needs:
- Product Range: PHD Energy offers a wide range of battery solutions, including Li-SOCl2 batteries, that cater to various applications like industrial, medical, and consumer electronics. This diversity allows them to meet the needs of different customers effectively.
- Quality and Innovation: PHD Energy invests in research and development to produce high-quality, reliable products. PHD Energy has built a reputation for delivering innovative battery solutions that focus on high energy density, long life, and safety.
- Customization and Support: PHD Energy provides customized battery solutions and strong customer support, which is a significant advantage for businesses needing tailored solutions and reliable service for their specific power requirements.
- Industry Reputation: A strong track record and good standing in the industry makes PHD Energy a preferred supplier.
- Global Reach and Logistics: PHD Energy can efficiently supply products globally with robust logistics and responsive customer service, they are favored by companies operating in multiple regions.
- Sustainability Practices: PHD Energy emphasizes environmental responsibility and adopt sustainable practices for those looking to partner with socially responsible suppliers.
Ultimately, we, at MaRCTech2, consider PHD Energy as the best company to meet your specific needs and preferences. They offer excellence when considering factors such as price, availability, customer service, and alignment with company values.
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